Peer victimization trajectories and their relationships with depressive symptoms and externalizing problems: Risk enhancement or risk susceptibility

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00978

Abstract

Abstract:

This study examined the trajectories of peer victimization and its group heterogeneity from Time 1 to Time 3, and explored how the initial levels and change of peer victimization synergistically influenced the depressive symptoms and externalizing problems at Time 4. This study employed a 4-wave longitudinal design spanning two years. Participants included 1,580 students from three provinces in China who were recruited through multiple schools including elementary (43.16%), junior (33.10%) and senior high (23.73%) schools. The mean age of participants at the baseline was 12.37 years (SD = 2.52, range = 9 to 19 years old; 54.9% males). The results showed that (1) a significant linear decline in peer victimization, and significant differences in the peer victimization trajectories across migrant status. Specifically, compared to urban children, rural-to-urban migrant children, left-behind children and rural children had significantly higher initial levels of peer victimization. Moreover, rural-to-urban migrant children and left-behind children exhibited a steep decline in peer victimization; (2) After controlling for demographics and depressive symptoms and externalizing problems at baseline, individuals who were exposed to higher initial levels showed more depressive symptoms even when they exhibited a steeper decline in peer victimization, supporting the stress sensitization model. In addition, individuals with higher initial levels of peer victimization would have greater externalizing problems when experienced a slower change rate of peer victimization, supporting the stress amplification model. It can be seen that the initial levels and change of peer victimization have unique effects on depressive symptoms and externalizing problems. Future prevention/intervention research needs to develop targeted programs for different problem behaviors in order to effectively improve intervention outcomes.

Key words: peer victimization, trajectory, depressive symptoms and externalizing problems, stress sensitization, stress amplification

XIAO Jiale, SHEN Zijiao, LI Xiaoyan, LIN Danhua. (2023). Peer victimization trajectories and their relationships with depressive symptoms and externalizing problems: Risk enhancement or risk susceptibility. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(6), 978-993.

Figures/Tables 11

References 63

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Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
1. Gender^a	—
2. Grade	?0.00	—
3. Rural-to-urban migrant children^a	0.01	?0.09^***	—
4. Left-behind children^a	?0.06^*	0.23^***	?0.26^***	—
5. Rural children^a	?0.01	0.27^***	?0.23^***	?0.17^***	—
6. Subjective socioeconomic status	0.02	?0.33^***	?0.02	?0.17^***	?0.20^***	—
7. T1 peer victimization	?0.17^***	?0.07^**	0.02	0.12^***	0.02	?0.08^**	—
8. T2 peer victimization	?0.14^***	?0.12^***	?0.03	0.09^***	0.01	?0.04	0.45^***	—
9. T3 peer victimization	?0.14^***	?0.07^**	?0.02	0.09^***	0.01	?0.04	0.42^***	0.55^***	—
10. T1 depressive symptoms	?0.06^*	0.16^***	0.04	0.13^***	0.10^***	?0.14^***	0.49^***	0.29^***	0.26^***	—
11. T4 depressive symptoms	0.04	0.21^***	0.01	0.05^*	0.06^*	?0.13^***	0.23^***	0.30^***	0.33^***	0.38^***	—
12. T1 externalizing problems	?0.14^***	0.07^**	0.03	0.06^*	0.03	?0.09^***	0.41^***	0.30^***	0.26^***	0.37^***	0.20^***	—
13. T4 externalizing problems	?0.07^**	0.07^**	0.01	0.02	0.06^*	?0.06^*	0.24^***	0.30^***	0.37^***	0.24^***	0.49^***	0.32^***	—
M	0.45	3.42	0.26	0.17	0.13	6.04	1.58	1.53	1.48	1.87	1.87	1.49	1.41
SD	0.50	2.38	0.44	0.37	0.34	1.93	0.67	0.62	0.62	0.60	0.64	0.43	0.43

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
1. Gender^a	—
2. Grade	?0.00	—
3. Rural-to-urban migrant children^a	0.01	?0.09^***	—
4. Left-behind children^a	?0.06^*	0.23^***	?0.26^***	—
5. Rural children^a	?0.01	0.27^***	?0.23^***	?0.17^***	—
6. Subjective socioeconomic status	0.02	?0.33^***	?0.02	?0.17^***	?0.20^***	—
7. T1 peer victimization	?0.17^***	?0.07^**	0.02	0.12^***	0.02	?0.08^**	—
8. T2 peer victimization	?0.14^***	?0.12^***	?0.03	0.09^***	0.01	?0.04	0.45^***	—
9. T3 peer victimization	?0.14^***	?0.07^**	?0.02	0.09^***	0.01	?0.04	0.42^***	0.55^***	—
10. T1 depressive symptoms	?0.06^*	0.16^***	0.04	0.13^***	0.10^***	?0.14^***	0.49^***	0.29^***	0.26^***	—
11. T4 depressive symptoms	0.04	0.21^***	0.01	0.05^*	0.06^*	?0.13^***	0.23^***	0.30^***	0.33^***	0.38^***	—
12. T1 externalizing problems	?0.14^***	0.07^**	0.03	0.06^*	0.03	?0.09^***	0.41^***	0.30^***	0.26^***	0.37^***	0.20^***	—
13. T4 externalizing problems	?0.07^**	0.07^**	0.01	0.02	0.06^*	?0.06^*	0.24^***	0.30^***	0.37^***	0.24^***	0.49^***	0.32^***	—
M	0.45	3.42	0.26	0.17	0.13	6.04	1.58	1.53	1.48	1.87	1.87	1.49	1.41
SD	0.50	2.38	0.44	0.37	0.34	1.93	0.67	0.62	0.62	0.60	0.64	0.43	0.43

Variable	Model	CFI	RMSEA	SRMR	ΔCFI	ΔRMSEA
Peer victimization (Grade)	Configural invariance	0.940	0.079	0.035
	Weak invariance	0.939	0.077	0.040	?0.001	?0.002
	Strong invariance	0.937	0.076	0.040	?0.002	?0.001
	Strict invariance	0.917	0.084	0.062	?0.020	0.008
Peer victimization (Migrant status)	Configural invariance	0.934	0.083	0.038
	Weak invariance	0.933	0.081	0.046	?0.001	?0.002
	Strong invariance	0.932	0.078	0.045	?0.001	?0.003
	Strict invariance	0.921	0.081	0.055	?0.011	0.003
Peer victimization (Gender)	Configural invariance	0.943	0.076	0.035
	Weak invariance	0.941	0.075	0.040	?0.002	?0.001
	Strong invariance	0.938	0.075	0.039	?0.003	0.000
	Strict invariance	0.930	0.077	0.049	?0.008	0.002
Peer victimization (Time)	Configural invariance	0.935	0.046	0.028
	Weak invariance	0.933	0.046	0.030	?0.002	0.000
	Strong invariance	0.932	0.046	0.030	?0.001	0.000
	Strict invariance	0.927	0.047	0.033	?0.005	0.001

Variable	Model	CFI	RMSEA	SRMR	ΔCFI	ΔRMSEA
Peer victimization (Grade)	Configural invariance	0.940	0.079	0.035
	Weak invariance	0.939	0.077	0.040	?0.001	?0.002
	Strong invariance	0.937	0.076	0.040	?0.002	?0.001
	Strict invariance	0.917	0.084	0.062	?0.020	0.008
Peer victimization (Migrant status)	Configural invariance	0.934	0.083	0.038
	Weak invariance	0.933	0.081	0.046	?0.001	?0.002
	Strong invariance	0.932	0.078	0.045	?0.001	?0.003
	Strict invariance	0.921	0.081	0.055	?0.011	0.003
Peer victimization (Gender)	Configural invariance	0.943	0.076	0.035
	Weak invariance	0.941	0.075	0.040	?0.002	?0.001
	Strong invariance	0.938	0.075	0.039	?0.003	0.000
	Strict invariance	0.930	0.077	0.049	?0.008	0.002
Peer victimization (Time)	Configural invariance	0.935	0.046	0.028
	Weak invariance	0.933	0.046	0.030	?0.002	0.000
	Strong invariance	0.932	0.046	0.030	?0.001	0.000
	Strict invariance	0.927	0.047	0.033	?0.005	0.001

Demographics	Rural-to-urban migrant children (n = 402)	Left-behind children (n = 258)	Rural children (n = 205)	Urban children (n = 695)
Age (M ± SD)	12.20 ± 2.31	13.78 ± 2.57	14.00 ± 2.30	11.49 ± 2.23
Gender
Male	218 (54.23%)	158 (61.24%)	116 (56.59%)	364 (52.37%)
Female	182 (45.27%)	100 (38.76%)	89 (43.41%)	331 (47.63%)
Other	2 (0.50%)	—	—	—
Parental marital status
Married	368 (91.54%)	217 (84.11%)	193 (94.15%)	620 (89.21%)
Other	34 (8.46%)	41 (15.89%)	12 (5.85%)	75 (10.79%)
Parental Education
Less than high school	257 (63.93%)	183 (70.93%)	150 (73.17%)	200 (28.78%)
High school and more than	144 (35.82%)	56 (21.71%)	55 (26.83%)	493 (70.94%)
Other	1 (0.25%)	19 (7.36%)	—	2 (0.29%)
Subjective socioeconomic status
Middle and more than	325 (80.85%)	172 (66.67%)	124 (60.49%)	622 (89.50%)
Less than middle	71 (17.66%)	62 (24.03%)	80 (39.02%)	69 (9.93%)
Other	6 (1.49%)	24 (9.30%)	1 (0.49%)	4 (0.58%)